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(16) So in like manner the Earth and Stones have their Descent; for when the Salitter kindled itself in Nature, then all became very rugged, thick, and dark, like a thick dark Mist or Cloud, which the astringent Quality dried up hard with its Coldness.

(50) Thus thou seest and understandest out of what the Earth and Stones are come to be. But if that kindled Salitter should have continued to be thus in the whole Deep of this World, then the whole Place thereof would have been a dark Valley, for the Light was imprisoned together also with, and in the third Birth or Geniture.

(49) Timaeus: as we believe, stones and earth; and again, this same substance, by dissolving and dilating, becoming breath and air; and air through combustion becoming fire; and conversely, fire when contracted and quenched returning back to the form of air and air once more uniting and condensing into cloud and mist; and issuing from these, when still further compressed, flowing water; and from water earth and stones again: thus we see the elements passing on to one another, as it would seem,

(86) Therefore also in the Earth there are found, according to the Quality of each Spirit, mineral Oars, Stones, Water, and Earth; and therefore it is that the Earth is of so many various Qualities, all as each qualifying or fountain Spirit, with its innate instant Birth or Geniture, was at the Time of the Kindling.

(10) For the Saltwater, or Salt, which still to this Day is found in the Earth, has its Original and Descent from the first Kindling of the astringent Quality; and so the Stones also have their Beginning and Descent from thence, as also the Earth. [Or Saltpetre.]

(92) And so when this was done, then the Storm grew so hot, that the astringent Quality drew the Salitter together, so that hard Stones proceeded from it; whence the Stones in this World have their Original: And the Water in the Salitter was also attracted or drawn together, so that it became very thick, as it is now at present in this World.

(85) And the hard, spoiled or corrupt Matter, which had wrought forth itself in the kindled seven qualifying or Fountain-spirits, was driven together, from whence the Earth and Stones came to be, and after that, all the Creatures were created out of the kindled Saltiter of the seven Spirits of God. [which were made out of]

(61) Timaeus: and all the species of stone called “fusible”; while those which contain more water include all the solidified substances of the type of wax and frankincense. And now we have explained with some fullness the Four Kinds, which are thus variegated in their shapes and combinations and permutations; but we have still to try to elucidate the Causes which account for their affective qualities. Now, first of all, the quality of sense-perceptibility must always belong to the objects under discussion; but we have not as yet described the generation of flesh and the appurtenances of flesh, nor of that portion of Soul which is mortal. But, in truth, these last cannot be adequately explained

(9) Eximenus saith:—God hath created all things by his word, having said unto them: Be, and they were made, with the four other elements, earth, water, air, and fire, which He coagulated, and things contrary were commingled, for we see that fire is hostile to water, water hostile to fire, and both are hostile to earth and air. Yet God hath united them peacefully, so that they love one another. Out of these four elements, therefore, are all things created—heaven and the throne thereof; the angels; the sun, moon, and stars; earth and sea, with all things that are in the sea, which indeed are various, and not alike, for their natures have been made diverse by God, and also the creations. But the diversity is more than I have stated; each of these natures is of diverse nature, and by a legion of diversities is the nature of each diverse. Now this diversity subsists in all creatures, because they were created out of diverse elements. Had they been created out of one element, they would have been agreeing natures. But diverse elements being here mingled, they lose their own natures, because the dry being mixed with the humid and the cold combined with the hot, become neither cold nor hot; so also the humid being mixed with the dry becomes neither dry nor humid. But when the four elements are commingled, they agree, and thence proceed creatures which never attain to perfection, except they be left by night to putrefy and become visibly corrupt. God further completed his creation by means of increase, food, life, and government. Sons of the Doctrine, not without purpose have I described to you the disposition of these four elements, for in them is a secret arcanum; two of them are perceptible to the sense of touch and vision, and of these the operation and virtue are well known. These are earth and water. But there are two other elements which are neither visible nor tangible, which yield naught, whereof the place is never seen, nor are their operations and force known, save in the former elements, namely, earth and water; now when the four elements are not commingled, no desire of men is accomplished. But being mixed, departing from their own natures, they become another thing. Over these let us meditate very carefully.

And the Turba:—Master, if you speak, we will give heed to your words.

Then he:—I have now discoursed, and that well. I will speak only useful words which ye will follow as spoken. Know, all present, that no true tincture is made except from our copper.* Do not therefore, exhaust your brains and your money, lest ye fill your hearts with sorrow. I will give you a fundamental axiom, that unless you turn the aforesaid copper into white, and make visible coins* and then afterwards again turn it into redness,t until a Tincture results, verily, ye accomplish nothing. Burn therefore the copper, break it up, deprive it of its blackness by cooking, imbuing, and washing, until the same becomes white. Then rule it.

(116) And that must be, because of the outermost Comprehensibility or Palpability, which must be held and sustained by the astringent Fierceness, otherwise nothing would subsist in its Body, neither could the compressed, compacted Earth and Stones subsist, but would be again a broken, thick, muddy, and dark Salitter, such as at first moved in the whole Deep.

(31) But that Water, Air, and Fire, are one in another, in the Deep above the Earth, every intelligent Man may see and understand.

(109) Thou canst not kindle Light in a Stone, because the astringent or harsh Quality is Chief or Predominant therein: Neither canst thou kindle Light in Earth, unless the other Qualities be first vanquished and boiled out of it, which is seen in the Gunpowder, which yet is but a Flash or a Spirit of Terror, wherein the Devil in the Anger of God represents himself, which I will describe and demonstrate more largely in another Place. Objection.

(42) It contains also Fierceness and Corruption: Being inflamed in the Fire, it engenders a hard, tearing, and stony Nature, a fierce, wrathful Source, a Destruction of Life, whereby the Stone or Gravel is engendered, causing great Pain and Torment.

(17) Where the hot Spirit in the sweet Water was predominant in Love; there the astringent Spirit attracted the Matter together, and so thereby the noblest Ores of Minerals and precious Stones were generated.

(13) Thou hast a Similitude of this, in that the Earth and Stones are proceeded out of the Incomprehensibility.

(60) Timaeus: but because there was no void space above them, therefore it pressed against the adjacent air; and it, being heavy, when pressed and poured round the mass of earth, crushed it forcibly and compressed it into the spaces from which the new air was ascending. But when earth is thus compressed by the air so as to be indissoluble by water it forms “stone”; of which the fairer sort is that composed of equal and uniform parts and transparent, and the coarser sort the opposite. That kind from which all the moisture has been carried off by the rapidity of fire, and which is more brittle

(57) Now behold, the Fierceness which rises up in the Light, consists not in the Water of the Wood, but when the Heat rises up in the Hardness, then is the Flash generated, which the Sap in the Wood first catches, whereby the Water becomes shining.

(6) We may now consider the question whether fire is the sole element existing in that celestial realm and whether there is any outgoing thence with the consequent need of renewal.

Timaeus pronounced the material frame of the All to consist primarily of earth and fire for visibility, earth for solidity- and deduced that the stars must be mainly composed of fire, but not solely since there is no doubt they are solid.

And this is probably a true account. Plato accepts it as indicated by all the appearances. And, in fact, to all our perception- as we see them and derive from them the impression of illumination- the stars appear to be mostly, if not exclusively, fire: but on reasoning into the matter we judge that since solidity cannot exist apart from earth-matter, they must contain earth as well.

But what place could there be for the other elements? It is impossible to imagine water amid so vast a conflagration; and if air were present it would be continually changing into fire.

Admitting that two self-contained entities, standing as extremes to each other need for their coherence two intermediaries; we may still question whether this holds good with regard to physical bodies. Certainly water and earth can be mixed without any such intermediate. It might seem valid to object that the intermediates are already present in the earth and the water; but a possible answer would be, "Yes, but not as agents whose meeting is necessary to the coherence of those extremes."

None the less we will take it that the coherence of extremes is produced by virtue of each possessing all the intermediates. It is still not proven that fire is necessary to the visibility of earth and earth to the solidarity of fire.

On this principle, nothing possesses an essential-nature of its very own; every several thing is a blend, and its name is merely an indication of the dominant constituent.

Thus we are told that earth cannot have concrete existence without the help of some moist element- the moisture in water being the necessary adhesive- but admitting that we so find it, there is still a contradiction in pretending that any one element has a being of its own and in the same breath denying its self-coherence, making its subsistence depend upon others, and so, in reality, reducing the specific element to nothing. How can we talk of the existence of the definite Kind, earth- earth essential- if there exists no single particle of earth which actually is earth without any need of water to secure its self-cohesion? What has such an adhesive to act upon if there is absolutely no given magnitude of real earth to which it may bind particle after particle in its business of producing the continuous mass? If there is any such given magnitude, large or small, of pure earth, then earth can exist in its own nature, independently of water: if there is no such primary particle of pure earth, then there is nothing whatever for the water to bind. As for air- air unchanged, retaining its distinctive quality- how could it conduce to the subsistence of a dense material like earth?

Similarly with fire. No doubt Timaeus speaks of it as necessary not to the existence but to the visibility of earth and the other elements; and certainly light is essential to all visibility- we cannot say that we see darkness, which implies, precisely, that nothing is seen, as silence means nothing being heard.

But all this does not assure us that the earth to be visible must contain fire: light is sufficient: snow, for example, and other extremely cold substances gleam without the presence of fire- though of course it might be said that fire was once there and communicated colour before disappearing.

As to the composition of water, we must leave it an open question whether there can be such a thing as water without a certain proportion of earth.

But how can air, the yielding element, contain earth?

Fire, again: is earth perhaps necessary there since fire is by its own nature devoid of continuity and not a thing of three dimensions?

Supposing it does not possess the solidity of the three dimensions, it has that of its thrust; now, cannot this belong to it by the mere right and fact of its being one of the corporeal entities in nature? Hardness is another matter, a property confined to earth-stuff. Remember that gold- which is water- becomes dense by the accession not of earth but of denseness or consolidation: in the same way fire, with Soul present within it, may consolidate itself upon the power of the Soul; and there are living beings of fire among the Celestials.

But, in sum, do we abandon the teaching that all the elements enter into the composition of every living thing?

For this sphere, no; but to lift clay into the heavens is against nature, contrary to the laws of her ordaining: it is difficult, too, to think of that swiftest of circuits bearing along earthly bodies in its course nor could such material conduce to the splendour and white glint of the celestial fire.

(66) from the Sun and Stars proceed the four Elements, Fire, Air, Water, and Earth, as I shall afterwards demonstrate plainly, when I shall write of the Creation. Now observe,

(109) when this was done, then the qualifying or fountain Spirits became very fierce and vehemently struggling, and the astringent Spirit, as the strongest, in the seventh Nature-Spirit, drew very terribly together the Fabrick and Effects of the other five, from whence the bitter Earth and Stones came to be, but were not yet driven together, but moved in the whole Deep.